Yakshagana

Yakshagana (Tulu: α▓»α▓òα│ìα▓╖α▓ùα▓╛α▓¿/Kannada: α▓»α▓òα│ìα▓╖α▓ùα▓╛α▓¿, yakß╣úagana) is a musical theater popular in the coastal and Malenadu regions of Karnataka, India. Yakshagana is the recent (200 years) scholastic name for what are known as k─ôß╕╖ike, ─üß╣¡a, bayal─üß╣¡a, bayal─üß╣¡a, da┼¢─üvat─üra (Kannada: α▓òα│çα▓│α▓┐α▓òα│å, α▓åα▓ƒ, α▓¼α▓»α▓▓α▓╛α▓ƒ, α▓ªα▓╢α▓╛α▓╡α▓ñα▓╛α▓░). It is believed to have evolved from pre-classical music and theatre during Bhakti movement.Yakshagana is popular in the districts of Uttara Kannada, Udupi, Dakshina Kannada, Shimoga and Kasaragod district . Yakshagana is gaining popularity in Bangalore since a few years. It has drawn comparisons to the Western tradition of opera. Actors wear costumes and enact various roles. Traditionally, Yakshagana would go on all night. It is sometimes simply called as α▓åα▓ƒ “play” in both Kannada and Tulu. Yaksha-gana literally means the song (gana) of a yaksha, which was a term for exotic tribes of ancient India.

Yakshagana consists of a himmela “background music group” and a mummela “dance and dialog group”, which together perform Yakshagana poetry. Himmela consist of a bhagawata “singer” who is also the director (also called the first actor, modalane vesha), maddale, harmonium for drone (pungi was used earlier) and chande (loud drums). The music is based on Carnatic ragas characterised by melodic patterns called Mattu and Yakshagana Tala. Yakshagana Talas are believed to be based on patterns which later evolved into Carnatic talas.

A Yakshagana performance begins at the twilight hours with the beating of several fixed compositions on drums called abbara or peetike for up to an hour before the actors get on the stage. The actors wear resplendent costumes, head-dresses, and face paints.

A performance usually depicts a story from Indian epic poems and the Puranas. It consists of a narrator (Bhagvatha) who either narrates the story by singing or sings prepared character dialogues, backed by musicians playing on traditional musical instruments as the actors dance to the music, with actions that portray the story as it is being narrated. All the components of Yakshagana, music, dance and dialog are improvised. Depending on the ability and scholarship of the actors, variation in dance and amount of dialog may change. It is not uncommon for actors to get into philosophical debates or arguments without going out of the framework of the character being enacted. The acting can be categorised as method acting.

Origin and style

Yakshagana is a traditional theater which was founded by yakshagana poetry Parti Subba. It is closely connected with other forms prevailing in other parts of Karnataka, and its neighbouring states of Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamilnadu and Maharastra.[6] According to noted theater artist and writer B.V Karanth, classical dance forms like Bharathanatya originated from Yakshagana.

Yakshagana, like many other forms, defies neat classification into categories like folk, classical, rural. It can be included into each of these, or all of them together, depending upon our line of approach. Being a theater form, unlike a dance form, it is more plural and dynamic. And hence it exhibits many types and varieties inside itself. However, Yakshagana can be rightly called a traditional form. Primarily it is a name given to the form prevailing in Coastal and Malnad areas of Karnataka, though in fringe forms like Doddata are also called by the same name often, especially recently. The traditional theater form Mudalpaya of Southern Karnataka, the Doddata of Northern Karnataka, the Kelike in the borders of Andhra Pradesh, the Ghattadakore of Kollegal in Chamarajnagar district ΓÇô are such forms. Among them, the Ghattadakore is a direct branch of Coastal Yakshagana, while Mudalapaya is the most closely connected form. There is a form called Yakshaganamu in Andhra Pradesh also, which exhibits resemblance to the forms of Karnataka plateau region.

For more information: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakshagana